HISTORY ON FILM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HISTORY ON FILM - Essay Example Also implied is the fact that there would be inaccuracies. The first time I viewed Amadeus, and that was eons ago, I was absolutely bedazzled, awed and completely swept off my feet by the gripping story, the cinematography, the elaborate costumes, the art direction, the makeup, the magnificent acting of the two leads F. Murray Abraham as Antonio Salieri and Tom Hulce as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and of course the impeccable direction of Milos Forman. But what makes it memorable through the years is the revival of the music of one of the greatest composers the world has ever known and the restaging of his operas. Here, we are treated to a glimpse to some of Mozart’s everlasting operas e.g. The Abduction From The Seraglio, The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni and The Magic Flute. This movie gives free lessons on opera and music appreciation. We have to give kudos to Milos Forman, the director and the scriptwriter, Peter Shaffer for faithfully recreating and transporting all of us viewers to 18th century Vienna and Salzburg. This was spe cifically 1769, the time that Mozart displayed to all and sundry glimpses of his immense talent before the arrogant Archbishop of Salzburg and his court to the year 1791, the year of Mozart’s demise and Salieri’s confinement in a mental institution. Both Forman and Shaffer ensured that we, viewers, become a part of the excessive bacchanalian revelries of the aristocrats and people who matter in Austria; the pompous celebration of art, music and culture; that we view the ornate, majestic edifices of the 18th century Austria ruled by the Hapsburg royalty, which at this juncture in time was governed by the highly cultured Emperor Joseph II, the son of Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I and the brother of the ill-fated Marie Antoinette of France. We have to note that this is the heyday of the renaissance and thus, there is rebirth of classical art, literature, learning and architecture in Austria. Swept out

Controlling Organized Crime Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Controlling Organized Crime Paper - Essay Example Organized crime is often identified as a part of social system which allows reciprocal services to be carried performed by criminals. Large-scale organized crime is regarded as the most significant threat to human security, encumbering the cultural, social, economic, and political development of the society. It has been considered as a multi-faceted phenomenon which is evidently associated with different activities like drug transport, illegally transporting human beings, illegal trafficking of firearms, smuggling, money laundering, and many more. Especially, drug smuggling is the one that generates huge amount of profits. The evidences about the association between smuggling drugs and other forms of transnational crime demand an effectively integrated approach to address the particular issue. The United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) is on their efforts to perform closely with Governments, international organizations, and civil societies to reinforce the collaboration to c ounteract the influence of organized crime and drug transporting (UNODC 2011). The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime is one of the major international instruments to counter organized crime (UNODC, 2011). The UNODC undertakes measures and uses the provisions of the Convention to formulate policies that counter the problems of domestic criminal offences. The policies include suggestion to implement new mutual legal assistance in order to facilitate extradition, law enforcement cooperation, technical assistance and training (UNODC, 2011). Organized crime can be in many forms when people start to work together, and the smallest crime where just two persons have agreed to contribute together is also considered to be â€Å"organized crime†, progressively leading to highest levels of Mafias among the gangs of immigrants. And such gangs have traditionally become a kind of half way house for recent immigrants. According to Levitt and Dubner (2005), the h istorical figures show that there were more than 1,300 street gangs, catering to every ethnic, political, and criminal issues in Chicago alone. Developing from these patterns, the society faces with issues from motorcycle gangs to the Black Disciples

Ethnicity and Religion Essay Example for Free

Ethnicity and Religion Essay This compared with around 45% of Hindus and Sikhs. In contrast, only 11% of white people described themselves as belonging to the Church of England. Amongst Muslim men over the age of 35, four in five reported that they visit mosque at least once every week. Data from the 1991 census demonstrates that Britain is ethnically diverse, there is a wide range of ethnic groups with different religious affiliations, and there are more ethnic groups than identified in the census data Modood and Berthoud (1997) analysed the 1991 Census data on ethnicity they suggest that ethnicity comprises: 1. Subjective identification: with which ethnicity do I and my group identify? 2. Religious identification; to what extent does it help construct ethnicity? A number of general points can be made about religious affiliation among ethnic minority groups; that is, those people comprising the 5. 49% of the population identified in the Census as non-white. Most ethnic groups are more religious than the majority of the population. The table below shows the results of a survey conducted in Britain which asked respondents to state their religious affiliation

Evaluating The Spawning Techniques For Bivalves

Evaluating The Spawning Techniques For Bivalves Control of reproduction is a prerequisite in modern bivalves aquculture industries due to unreliable quantity and quality of natural spat as well as market demand on standardized products. Spawning is one critical step in bivalves hatchery, together with fertilization and larval rearing, thus a lot of research has been done to explore prospective methods and understand the process within. Various means in spawning techniques are presented herein, i.e. gamete stripping and spawning induction by chemical or physical stimulants. Where relevant, advantage and disadvantage of each technique are discussed and compared. Introduction Bivalves are aquatic animals belong to the phylum Mollusca which characterized by two calcareous shells covering a soft body, encompassingboth marine and fresh-water species both marine and fresh-water species. Some well-known bivalves, such as clams, scallop, mussels, and oysters; has been successfully cultured since decades or centuries ago (Nash, 2011). Nowadays, bivalves and other members of molluscs accounts for nearly 30% of aquaculture production with volume more than 50 million tonnes in 2006 (FAO, 2008). Intensive production is needed to meet market demands on edible and high value bivalves (pearl oysters). One important key of intensification is control over all of the production steps, including management of reproduction which will lead to higher productivity with lower cost in order to reach best efficiencies and standardized products. Controlled spawning of molluscs is the best way to obtain reliable supply of quality seeds and reduce dependencies upon unreliable natural spawning events to collect spat. The development of bivalves hatchery was started in 1879 when William Brooks demonstrated that oyster eggs could be spawned and developed into the larval stage in laboratory (Castagna, 1983). No published report on artificial propagation of bivalve molluscs until 1920s when William Wells successfully reared oyster larvae. These two findings provide important data for further development in molluscan aquaculture. This article will describe a number of common spawning techniques for bivalves, which divided into 2 categories: gamete stripping and spawning induction. Henceforward, gamete stripping is considered not induction since the word induction refers to a persuading or stimulating action, whereas another authors may define the other way. Advantage and disadvantage considerations of each technique are included, particularly in relevance with practical farming aspects. 1. Gamete Stripping As the name indicates, this procedure involves removal of gamete from gonad tissue. Briefly, fully ripe gonad overlies the digestive tract was slash repeatedly with scalpel and washed with filtered seawater to harvest the gametes. Microscopy examination is needed to determine sex and appearance of the ova and sperms. Therefore, only well-trained operators can carry it out because of high level of difficulties. Due to its effectiveness, gamete stripping has been widely used to obtain gametes in many Bivalvia species. Pacific oysters (Suquet et al., 2007), pearl oysters Pinctada fucata (Alagarswami et al., 1983a), and European flat oysters Crassostrea gigas (Shpigel, 1989) are some of organisms successfully spawned using gamete stripping. Furthermore, this technique obviously the only way to obtain mature gametes for species that can not be spawned by any physical or chemical stimulation. In some bivalves, viable eggs does not necessarily obtained immediately after stripping because naturally a series of activation process takes place in follicle prior to spawning, i. e. removal of germinal vesicles and formation of germinal spindle (Loosanof, 1953; Southgate, 2008). Loosanof and Davis (1963) treated eggs of Mercenaria mercenaria with 0.1N ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), but the embryos did not develop well and leading to low percentage of normal larvae compared to their naturally spawned counterparts. So far, no reports about detail mechanisms on how NH4OH activates eggs, while comprehensive understanding of the process is absolutely important for optimization or probably substitute NH4OH with another potential substance. Stripping itself is a destructive and lethal method, thus it is not a sustainable way to maintain broodstock collections. Sacrificing superior broodstock must be invaluable loss that all hatcheries try to avoid it. Likewise, pearl oysters hatcheries prefer another spawning method that has no detrimental effects, considering the high value of the product and the oysters itself (Southgate, 2008). 2. Spawning Induction by Physical and Chemical Means 2.1 Chemical stimuli 2.1.1 Injections of sex steroids The presence of steroids in molluscs has been identified by Hagerman et al. (1957) and its fluctuations have a strong correlation with sexual maturation, gamete release, and sex determination in bivalve (Croll and Wang, 2007). A serotonin, 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), works synergistically with steroid for those functions because steroids regulate 5-HT receptor on the membrane of gametes (Kadam et al., 1991). Combinations of 5-HT and steroid intragonadal injections are the most widely used in aquaculture farming practice. Efficacy of steroid treatment must be assessed on species basis because a particular steroid may give different results in different species. Similarly, one species could give various responses to some steroids, even if they have similar chemical structure. Published reports by Wang Croll (2003; 2004; 2006) explain clearly about gonadal maturation as well as spawning responses in sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus towards a number of steroid injections, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro study by Wang and Croll (2003) shows 10-5-10-8 M progesterone and 17ÃŽÂ ²-estradiol potentiated gamete release in 5-HT-induced gonads tissue of P. magellanicus, both female and/or male. On the other side, testosterone (10-5-10-7 M) was only effective in male and no significant effects on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 4ÃŽÂ ±-androsterone injections. Application of steroid inhibitors and control group (5-HT-incubated gonads) in the experiment strongly suggest steroids and steroid receptors involve in molluscan reproduction. Those results are confirmed with in vivo study by Wang and Croll (2006), although slightly different. Progesterone, which is able to initiate gamete release in male and female gonads tissue in vitro, demonstrated inhibitory effect in 5-HT-induced female P. magellanicus. Another interesting fact is the number of gametes released (spawning intensity) are sharply increased up to 300% and the response time after injection (spawning latency) reduced about 30%. Despite of its advantages, administration of sex steroid in bivalves farming apparently impose additional cost since serotonin must be used in parallel to obtain optimal result. In-depth economic calculations might be necessary to reach a balance between cost and benefits. 2.1.2 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) H2O2 application to induce bivalves spawning was first reported by Morse et al. (1977). He and his colleagues found that addition of 5mM of H2O2 to alkaline seawater successfully induced spawning, in both male and female gravid abalone Haliotis rufescens, within about 3 hours after the first addition. This effect results from activation of prostaglandin endoperoxidase by peroxides, which eventually triggers the spawning response. Their paper convincingly pointed that H2O2, neither another contaminants nor substances, initiates the spawning (Table 1). Destruction of H2O2 by catalase and mercaptoethanol (reducing agent) effectively blocks spawning. Aspirin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin peroxidase synthesis, shows endoperoxidase synthesis is required for induction of spawning by H2O2. Table 1. Induction of spawning in gravid H. rufescens Treatment Total Number of Animals Tested Spawned Controls 77 (47F, 30M) 3 (2F, 1M) H2O 18 (13 F, 5 M) 0 H2O2 31 (17 F, 14 M) 30 (16 F, 14 M) Aspirin, then H2O2 26 (12 F, 14 M) 2 M Catalase, then H2O2 5 M 0 Mercaptoethanol, then H2O2 5 M 0 Note: F = female, M = male. Source: Morse et al. (1977) Nevertheless, less success was achieved in Indian pearl oysters P. fucata with H2O2 treatment as with abalone did (Alagarswami et al., 1983b). Mild spawning only occurred with 6mM H2O2 for 5 hours immersion. Supplementation of seawater with Tris buffer at pH 9.1, which usually effective for abalone, does not works well for P. fucata. These conversely results indicate H2O2 concentration must be optimized for any cultured species, sometimes in combination with other treatments. Since peroxide method is a simple and rapid technique, an assay for spawning bivalves which previously known difficult to spawn can be developed quite easily. Morse (1984) has been able to identify optimal conditions for gametogenesis and spawning of green (H. fulgens), pink (H. corrugata), and black abalone (H. cracherodii) using peroxide method. Spawning of these animals can be induced by H2O2 in a slightly high temperature (20-25Â °C). 2.1.3 Injections of neurotransmitters Serotonin, 5-HT, is the most widely used and probably the most potent neurotransmitter for artificial spawning purpose. In vitro study shows ovarian tissue of Patinopecten yessoensis released high number of eggs after been immersed in 10-6M serotonin (Matsutani and Nomura, 1987). The study also demonstrated interaction between serotonin and its receptors in ovary, as well as on how prostaglandins regulate serotonin performance in scallop. The efficacy of serotonin in vitro was confirmed in many in vivo studies. Gibbons and Castagna (1984) injected six species of bivalves with 2mM serotonin, nearly similar to the concentration used by Matsutani and Nomura (1987), and all of them spawned as expected with spawning latency 15-30 minutes (Table 2). For an unknown reason, there is a tendency serotonin more likely affected males than females. Table 2. Number of bivalves spawned by 5-HT injection Species Treatment Number of Tested Spawning Males Spawning Females Arctica islandica Control 70 0 0 Serotonin 70 15 4 Argopecten irradians Control 35 2 1 Serotonin 35 29 1 Crassostrea virginica Control 30 0 0 Serotonin 30 21 0 Geukensia demissa Control 20 1 0 Serotonin 20 8 1 Mercenaria mercenaria Control 70 0 0 Serotonin 329 116 21 Spisula solidissima Control 45 0 1 Serotonin 45 18 9 Source: Gibbons and Castagna (1984). Positive result was also obtained in giant clams, only Hippopus hippopus was less sensitive to serotonin (Braley, 1985). Another tested species (Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, T. maxima, T. crocea, T. squamosa) did very well in terms of spawning latency and spawning duration, even with a low dosage of serotonin. Therefore, injection of serotonin provides reliable way to induce spawning in giant clams, besides gametes-overlay method. Velez et al. (1989) carried out a more comprehensive research to see effect some neurotransmitters upon spawning induction in scallop Pecten ziczac. Given the number of neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine), only serotonine could induce spawning process. Moreover, they noticed that females give less response to serotonine than males do; similar to what Gibbons Castagna (1984) found. 2.1.4 Addition of gametes Tridacnid clams, such as T. maxima and T. squamosa, can be induced to spawn in captivity by introducing gonad extract from the opposite-sex into the mantel cavity (Gwyther and Munro, 1981; Munro et al., 1982). Three different gonad extracts were performed: gonad biopsy, freshly blended gonad, and freeze-dried blended gonad. Unfortunately, the author did not compare the treatments and describe the relevant results more detail. This induction technique is fairly simple in principles and implementation. Spawning occurs simply because synchronized release of gametes, on which gamete act as chemical cues or pheromones (Soong et al., 2005), a natural adaptation to increase external fertilization probability for broadcasting-gametes organisms. 2.1.5 Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated seawater Seawater irradiated by light was a very powerful spawning inducer. Window-pane shell Placuna placenta responded quickly after been immersed in UV-irradiated seawater (Madrones-Ladja, 1997). The average number of eggs released per female using this treatment is as high as in serotonin treatment; furthermore the stimulus did not affect the viability of gametes. Besides of its reliable efficiency, this technique is very cost-effective and simpler than serotonin injection. It is also applicable for either individual or mass spawning, and does really works for both sexes of bivalves. 2.2 Physical stimuli 2.2.1 Temperature manipulation Manipulating water temperature is the most popular methods of spawning induction in bivalve hatcheries mainly because of its ease of application and reliable effectiveness. This technique has been studying intensively and implemented in pearl oyster P. maxima (Southgate and Beer, 1997) and various edible bivalves, such as American oyster Ostrea virginica (Soria et al., 2010) and brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica (Baba et al., 1999). Reproductive physiology of O. virginica has been discovered more than decades ago, thus artificial reproductive control method has been set up very well (Galtsoff, 1938a; 1938b; 1940). Sudden change in water temperature from 20 to 32-35Â °C was found effectively stimulate spawning than long exposure to lower temperatures. In C. japonica, rising the temperature must be accompanied by salinity. Baba et al. (1999) demonstrated temperature 26Â °C with salinity 2.3-4.5 practical salinity unit (psu) give optimum yield. Moreover, addition of gamete suspension into the water is able to increase its fecundity. These three different factors may bring some complexity in terms of hatchery practice because optimization of those components is more likely indispensable. 2.2.2 Administration of microalgal food Immersing razor clams Siliqua patula in high density of phytoplankton is the only method so far that scientifically effective to induced spawning process. Breese and Robinson (1981) found 2-2.5 million cells ml-1 microalgae Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa stimulates razor clams to spawn. No published report that explains this phenomenon, so the exact mechanism does not understood well. It is maybe only a basic instinct of reproduction in nature when food present abundantly in environment. This method could be a good alternative instead of gamete stripping. The number of eggs released per clam as well as hatching rate was much higher compared to those obtain by stripping. In terms of aquaculture practicality, this technique is considerably easy and fairly inexpensive. 3. Conclusions There are numerous techniques to stimulate spawning process in bivalves. Basically, they are only mimicking natural process involved in natural reproduction cycle. No one of those techniques is more superior to another, therefore choosing the appropriate technique should be based on species cultured. Any cost associated, for instance chemicals and equipments, must be also taken into consideration.

The Confederate Flag Essay -- Flag Argumentative Persuasive Paperes

The Confederate Flag On January 1992 the NAACP put in affect a boycott on South Carolina to pressure the state to remove the Confederate flag off of its Statehouse in Columbia. The boycott is what initially brought life to this issue. The NAACP’s removal request is based on the fact that they, the anti-flag groups, claim that the meaning of the Confederate flag is one of hate and discrimination. On the other hand, there are other groups that believe differently whom are called the pro-flag groups. They claim that the Confederate flag is a sign of heritage and should stay on South Carolina’s Statehouse. Anti-flag articles are more likely to be found published in well-known Liberal magazines, when credible pro-flag articles were hard to find. The main issue of the debate, which is a definition argument, includes one that argues the meaning of the Confederate flag and what it stands for, and from it many arguments stem that make up the intense debate about the Confederate flag. The Civil War being about slavery is one of the first things addressed in both types of articles. Within this argument, the pro-flag groups claim that many blacks fought for the Confederacy. Then the Confederate flag’s connection with racism is then argued. An anti-flag argument to prove that the Confederate flag is connected to slavery is that it was raised in response to the civil rights movement that was going on in 1961. Another anti-flag argument is that the Confederate flag does not represent the State as a whole and for that reason should not be flown on South Carolina’s Statehouse. An even amount of pathos and logos is used among the opposing groups, but the anti-flag articles tend to have more ethical appeal and fewer flaws in their a... ...ision by figuring out which side has the strongest one and therefore the more justified cause. Work Cited Eric Foner. â€Å"Rebel Yell.† The Nation. 270.6 (February 14, 2000): 4. James F. Barker. â€Å"Clemson History Offers Perspective for Flag Debate.† The State. December 3, 2000. Stuart Taylor Jr. â€Å"The Confederate Flag and the Cost of Pandering.† National Journal. 32.4 (January 22, 2000): 215. Walter E. Williams. No: â€Å"Critics of the flag are Counting on a General Ignorance of History to Make Their Case.† Symposium. March 14, 2001. http://www.insightmag.com/archive/200002064.shtml Quick, Steven. â€Å"Lynching Lee† The Opinions. 2/27/2001 Http://www.palmetto.org/noprint.htm Amy. â€Å"Even more on the confederate Flag vs. the â€Å"Xian† usage debates.† Parentsplace.com. February 02,2000 wysiwyg://4http://boards2.parentsplace.com/messages/get/ppcurrentdebates63/26.html

The Fatalist Essay -- Literary Analysis, Singer, Schwartz, Irony

In â€Å"The Fatalist† written by Isaac Bashevis Singer, verbal and situational irony is used to highlight Benjamin Schwartz’s (the Fatalist’s) strange views of fate and pre-destiny by pointing out the absurdity of fatalism in different ways. Verbal irony is used by certain characters to almost mock the Fatalist’s view on preordainment. Situational irony is used in â€Å"the Fatalist† by giving us a shocking ending, and ultimately reversing our original perspective on fate. Singer’s main purpose by using irony in â€Å"the Fatalist† is to contradict our previous outlook on a specific occurrence in the story and give us a totally new perspective achieved by sarcasm or just plain old incongruity between what we expect to happen and what really happens. There are many instances in â€Å"the Fatalist† that exemplify irony, but they must be broken down in order to understand their significance. The Fatalist and his controversy amongst the townspeople are introduced shortly after his arrival. He would give speeches on his beliefs about fatalism and fielded questions, complaints and retorts from his audiences. People began to be too familiar with fatalism even so that â€Å"a new word was added to the town’s vocabulary†¦everyone here (there) knows what a fatalist, even the beadle of the synagogue and the poorhouse attendant† (190). This example of verbal irony demonstrates how big of a deal Benjamin Fatalist was to the society. Even though some may have not agreed with him, he was certainly a newcomer that others were interested in. This also defines an introduction for the fatalist; we now can understand why he was welcomed and treated the way he was. The most important antagonist in â€Å"the Fatalist† is Heyele Minz. She is responsible for the majority of the v... ... end results in marriage. They evidently still despise each other, but a deal is a deal. â€Å"The Fatalist† is a story of sarcasm and irony. Verbal irony and situational irony are the playmakers in this novella, but they each play a different role in reversing our general perspective on events in â€Å"the Fatalist.† Verbal irony is used to reverse our opinions on a certain character or their actions while situational irony is used to reverse our original thoughts on the outcome of the story as a whole. Eventually all the examples of verbal irony come together to form the final result of the story, which ends up completely reversing our original perspective about the conclusion. Without a protagonist (the Fatalist) and the antagonist (Heyele), there is no possible way to lead a story to a dramatic and ironic ending. Most often, words must be spoken to change the outcome.

The Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park

? The Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park Most people have never heard of Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park, or even know where this particular park is located at. For those who do not know, Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park is located in Central Africa Republic, which is located in Central Africa. Central Africa Republic is about the size of France. The climate there is very tropical and can also be semi-humid, which means that the country has an annual rainfall from 950 to 1700mm. Rainfall normally occur during the months of June and last till November. From December to May, the climate is normally hot and dry. The country is also very rich in natural resources. Manovo-Gounda St. Foris National Park was established in 1933 and was name Oubangui-Chari National Park and was located on 13,500ha. The park was renamed Matoumara National Park in 1935. In 1940 the name changed again, this time to St. Floris National Park. The amount of land that the park operated on had increased to 40,000ha. By 1960 the park had tremendously grown and was currently operating on 100,00ha and in 1974 it was operating on 277,000ha. In 1979 the name change once again, but this time it changed to the name that the park is currently operating under which is Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park. Currently the area of the park is 1,740,000ha or 4. 2 million acres. Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park is home to a variety of faunas and floras. The wildlife animals include animals like the black rhinoceroses, giraffes, cheetahs, leopards, wild dogs, buffalos, elephants, etc. There are at least 57 different types of mammals, over 320 different types of birds, and at least 25 species of raptor all residing within the park. At one time this park was considered on of the most protected park in Central Africa. In 1988, the park was added to the Natural World Heritage Site, because of the diversity of wildlife that existed within the park. In 1997, things had drastically change, and the park was added to the World Heritage in Danger List in 1997, due to the heavy poaching that was going on within the park. This meant that the parkhad to have some of the most important and significant natural habitats of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species which this park had. It had a diversity of wildlife and flora, and a lot of it animals were already on the endanger list. There are other elements that the committee have to look at before deciding if an area, whether natural or cultural is entitle to be listed this list (Protected Area Programme, n. d. ). Some might not know what poaching in, and why it is important to finds ways to put an end to this dangerously practice that is destroying our wildlife. According to Ask. com (n. d), poaching is define as illegally hunting and fishing, and a poacher is define as a person who hunts and fish illegally, without a license. Poacher have no regards to any animals life, especially the ones on the endanger list. One of biggest threat to the Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Parks comes from Poachers. Most of the poachers come from within Central Africa Republic, but they can also come from other countries and can be heavily armed with automatic weapons. These poachers have killed off at least 80% of this park’s wildlife. Let look at the black rhinoceros. Man is the main threat to these animals, but not for their meat, but for the price a person can receive from their horns. The reason these animals are killed at an alarming rate is because people in China believes that the horns or these animals can help reduced a fever. A black rhino is worth at least $200,000 dead (Black Rhino, n. d. ). Even though these animals are currently on the endanger list, poachers have no respect or any regards for the law. Right now there are only a few black rhino remaining in Manovo-Gounde St. Floris. The elephants population have also decline in this park by 75%, and this is also due to the poachers. As anyone can see, poaching needs to be stop and it up the people to do so. Not just the people of this country, but this issue need to be address so everyone from across the world is aware of what is going on. There need to be human intervention, because if this continue to go on, there will be no more Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park. The future of this park depends on everyone. Grazing is another issue. According to Ask. com (n. d. ), grazing is defined as to feed on growing grasses and field. Grazing is illegal and most of grazing that goes on with the park is done during the dry season, where there are a large numbers of cattle moving across the grassland going through the park. When grazing happens, it can destroy the grassland that is intend for the wildlife, and it can also cause the spread of disease from the cattle to the wildlife. Manovo-Gounda-St. Floris National Park, Central African Republic (March 2002), states that in 1997, four staff members were shot, causing the tourism in this park to come to a complete halt. Currently the park only has one manager and one assistant manager along with five guards. In order to keep the Park going, major changes need to be made. Since tourism was a great way for the park to pay for itself there need to be great consideration into making the area and park safe again for tourist. In 1988 there was a $27 million grant made to aid in the controlling of poaching and gazing that is going on within this park. How this money was use in to aid in the poaching and grazing situation is not know. The term biodiversity refers to genes, species (plants and animals), ecosystems, and landscapes, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that allow these elements of biodiversity to persist over time. Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park was one of the largest parks in Central Africa, and was home to some of the diversity wildlife in the world. At one time, tourism was a source of maintaining the up keep of the park, but all of this was threaten by poachers and the grazing of the land. Humans have become this park worst enemy. Man has fail to realize that these animals or vital to our existence just like insects and plants are. There is a lot that need to be done in order to maintain the diversity of the Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park. Where do we start? We have to start with education. In order for the poachers to stop killing off the diversity of the wildlife, they need to be educated on why the park exist, and what the benefit of the park is to the animals and the citizens of this country. They need to be taught what the consequence is if they continue to destroy all of the wildlife or if these animals seize to exist anymore. Education is the just the beginning, but first the people who are doing the poaching need to be educated in the harm this is doing. The residents of Central Africa Republic also need to be educated and need to know the value of this park. They need to know that once this park becomes safe again and tourism is resumed, then they all will be able to benefit from it. Tourism will bring money to their country, and might even bring new business into the country. New businesses, mean creating jobs. In order to do this, money need to be raised. Once the money is raise, some might wonder what and where the money is going. The money will go towards advertising, education, training, security, the up keep of the park. Action need to be taken today, because tomorrow is too late. The future of this park depends on us, the people. The survival of these animals depends on us. The destruction of wildlife is not just happening in the Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park. The poaching of wildlife is happening throughout Africa. In order for children our children to have a chance of seeing elephants, giraffes, rhinoceros, wild dogs, cheetahs, money, and other exotic animals up close, then we need to save this park. Let put the awareness out to the citizens of this country and to other countries as well. The majority of this park wildlife has already been destroyed, what we are waiting on the remaining 15-20% that is left. Let come up with a plan to end the poaching and grazing of this park, we can do it. References Ask. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 18, 2007, from http://www. ask. com/reference/dictionary/ahdict/103817/poaching Black Rhino. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 18, 2007, from http://www. botany. uwc. ac. za/Envfacts/Black_Rhino/index. htm Protected Areas Programme. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 26, 2007, from http://www2. wcmc. org. uk/protected_areas/data/wh/manovo. html United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (n. d). Manovo-gounda st. franis national park, central africa republic. Retrieved August 26, 2007, from http://www. unep-wcmc. org/sites/wh/manovo. html